Archaeological Tourism Products: Towards a Concept Definition

Authors

  • Katharina Zanier University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Department of Archaeology Zavetiška 5, 1000 Ljubljana and Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia, Development division Metelkova ulica 4, 1000 Ljubljana Tel: 0038641962601
  • Tajda Senica Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia, Development division Metelkova ulica 4, 1000 Ljubljana

Abstract

Archaeological site managers generally recognize the economic benefits of archaeological tourism, but many sites still have many unexploited development opportunities. The importance of connecting different providers of products and services is still too often overlooked. Despite several publications dealing with different aspects of archaeological tourism, we found that the definition of one main concept is still missing: the definition of ‘archaeological tourism product.’ The paper is aimed at establishing and explaining this very concept, by providing its definition and categorizing it into different types and components. We moreover point out principles
to be considered in its development and problems related to the loss of authenticity which frequently emerge in its commercialization. Ultimately, our aim is to highlight the importance of developing integral archaeological tourism products that meet the needs and wants of tourists and at the same time ensure preservation and sustainable management of archaeological heritage.


Keywords: archaeological tourism product, archaeological tourism, archaeological park, archaeological route, sustainable development

 

References

Festival. (2021). Events and activities. https://1900.hadrianswallcountry.co.uk/events/

Agapito, D., Mendes, J., & Valle, P. (2013). Conceptualizing the sensory dimension of tourist experiences. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 2(2), 62–73.

Anranter, M., Bíró, S., Davidović, J., Drda-Kühn, K., Efremov, D., Egri, M., Gamper, J., Laki, F., Manzin, A., Nenov, N., Ratej, R., Rustoiu, G., Rustoiu, A., Sarić, A., Seemann, M. E., Senica, T., Zsolt, S., Stollenwerk, T., Stoyanov, S., Sýkorová, B., Velikov, I., & Zanier, K. (2021). The ArcheoDanube Strategy for Successful Archaeological Tourism: Lessons Learned from European Good Practices. https://www.interreg-danube.eu/uploads/media/approved_project_output/0001/49/ff715b30e74876a3c563e23731be97cb2b681997.pdf

Archaeological Institute of America. (2022). AIA Tours. https://www.archaeological.org/programs/public/tours/

Archaeological Museum in Biskupin. (2022). Zaplanuj wizytę. https://www.biskupin.pl/zwiedzanie/#kalendarium

Archeodanube. (2022). Danube Transnational Programme

https://www.interreg-danube.eu/approved-projects/archeodanube

Archeorunning. (2021). Archeorunning: Running tour and walking tour in Rome. https://www.archeorunning.com/en/

Battaglia, D. (2002). Retiarius vs. secutor: Ricostruzione empirica delle tecniche di combattimento e degli armamenti. Ars Dimicandi.

Borsa Mediterranea del Turismo Archeologico. (2022). Partners. https://www.borsaturismoarcheologico.it/en/partner/

Breznik, A. (2014a). Management of an archaeological park. Narodni muzej Slovenije.

Breznik, A. (2014b). Vrednotenje arheoloških najdišč za upravljanje v obliki turističnega kompleksa arheološki park. Studia universitatis hereditati, 2(1–2). https://zalozba.upr.si/ISSN/2350-5443/1-2-2014/2350-5443_01-02-2014.105-115.pdf

Brezovec, A., & Nemec Rudež, H. (2009). Marketing v turizmu: izhodišča za ustvarjalno razmišljanje in upravljanje. Fakulteta za turistične študije - Turistica.

Brooks, A. C., & Kushner, R. J. (2001). Cultural districts and urban development. International Journal of Arts Management, 4–15.

Buda, D. M., d’Hauteserre, A. M., & Johnston, L. (2014). Feeling and tourism studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 46, 102–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.03.005

Chiriko, A. Y. (2020). Marketing Cultural Resources as a Tourism Product. https://www. intechopen.com/chapters/73322

Claustra. (2018). Project Claustra+. https://claustra.org/project-claustra/

Comer, D. C., & Willems, A. (Eds.). (2019). Feasible Management of Archaeological Heritage Sites Open to Tourism. Springer.

Copley, P., & Robson, I. (1996). Tourism, arts marketing and the modernist paradox. In M. Robinson, E. Nigel & C. Paul (Eds.), Tourism and culture: Image, identity and marketing (pp. 15–34). British Education Publishers.

Danube Competence Center. (2022). The Roman Emperors and Danube Wine Route. https://romanemperorsroute.org/

Darvill, T. (2009). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.

Díaz-Andreu, M. (2020). A History of Archaeological Tourism: Pursuing leisure and knowledge from the eighteenth century to World War II. Springer.

DigVentures. (2022). Archaeology Projects. https://digventures.com/projects/

Durusoy, E. (2014). From an Ancient Road to a Cultural Route: Conservation and Management of the Road between Milas and Labraunday. Institut français d’études anatoliennes. https://books.openedition.org/ifeagd/211

Egloff, J. B. (2019). Archaeological Heritage Conservation and Management. Archaeopress Access Archaeology.

Egri, M. (Ed.). (2021). Guidebook for designing Local Archeo Plans. Institute of Archaeology and Art History Cluj-Napoca. https://www.zvkds.si/sites/www.zvkds.si/files/u5/guidebook_for_designing_laps.pdf

Egri, M. (Ed.). (2022). E-handbook for the management of enhancement projects on urban archaeological sites: Integration with a sustainable tourism. Institute of Archaeology and Art History Cluj-Napoca. https://www.zvkds.si/sites/www.zvkds.si/files/u5/ehandbook.pdf

EXARC. (2001). About us. https://exarc.net/about-us/charter

Freedome. (2021). Passeggiate a cavallo a Roma. https://freedome.it/passeggiate-cavallo/roma/

Geser, G. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on Archaeology and Cultural Heritage. Salzburg Research. https://ariadne-infrastructure.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/COVID-19_impact-archaeology-and-cultural-heritage_29Oct2021.pdf

Ginting, N., & Vinky Rahman, N. (2016). Preserve Urban Heritage District based on Place Identity. Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies, 1(1), 67–77. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b2e2/050e9b096f1c1ce87bda8d40147ca38b97ef.pdf

Gómez-Suárez, M., & Yagüe, M. J. (2021). Making Sense from Experience: How a Sustainable Multi-Sensory Event Spurs Word-of-Mouth Recommendation of a Destination Brand. Sustainability, 13(11), 5873. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115873

Hadrian's Wall. (2018). Welcome to Hadrian's Wall: The northern frontier of a mighty empire that once covered the known world. https://hadrianswallcountry.co.uk/

History Colorado. (2022). Castle Park Archaeological District. https://www.historycolorado.org/location/castle-park-archaeological-district

ICOMOS. (2015). Draft Recommendations of the First International Conference of ICOMOS on Archaeological Parks and Sites. https://whc.unesco.org/document/135364

ICOMOS. (2017). Salalah Guidelines for the Management of Public Archaeological Sites. http://icahm.icomos.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/GA2017_6-3-3_SalalahGuidelines_EN_adopted-15122017.pdf

Isacsson, A., Alakoski, L., & Bäck, A. (2009). Using Multiple Senses in Tourism Marketing: The Helsinki Expert, Eckero Line and Linnanmaki Amusement Park Cases. Laurea University of Applied Sciences. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25456/

Jurak, A. (2020). Interpretacija arheološke dediščine in situ na primeru arheoloških območij Poštela pri Mariboru in Cvinger pri Dolenjskih Toplicah. [Master dissertation, Univerza v Ljubljani, Filozofska fakulteta]. Ljubljana. https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=121594&lang=slv

Kotler, P., & Turner, R. E. (1989). Marketing Management. Scarhorough.

Ma, J., Gao, J., Scott, N., & Ding, P. (2013). Customer delight derived from theme park experiences: The antecedents of delight based on cognitive appraisal theory. Annals of Tourism Research, 42, 359–381.

McKercher, B., & Du Cros, H. (2015). Cultural tourism: the partnership between tourism and cultural heritage management (2nd ed.). Routledge.

Meacci, L., & Liberatore, G. (2018). A senses-based model for experiential tourism. Tourism & Management Studies, 14(4), 7–14. https://www.tmstudies.net/index.php/ectms/article/view/1051

Medlik, S., & Middleton, V. T. C. (1973). The Tourist Product and its Marketing Implications. Heinemann.

Melotti, M. (2007). Mediterraneo tra miti e turismo. Per una sociologia del turismo archeologico. CUEM.

Melotti, M. (2011). The Plastic Venuses: Archaeological Tourism in Post-Modern Society. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Mihelić, S. (Ed.). (2011). Arheologija i turizam u Hrvatskoj. Arheološki muzej u Zagrebu.

Mihelić, S. (2019). The Curse of the Betrothed: Evaluating the Relationship Between Archaeology and Tourism in Croatia AD 2017. In D. C. Comer & A. Willems, A. (Eds.), Feasible Management of Archaeological Heritage Sites Open to Tourism (pp. 79–88). Springer.

Mitas, O., & Bastiaansen, M. (2018). Novelty: A mechanism of tourists’ enjoyment. Annals of Tourism Research, 72, 98–108. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160738318300690

National Park Service. (2022). Moccasin Bend National Archeological District. https://www.nps.gov/chch/learn/historyculture/moccasin-bend-national-archeological-district.htm

Nuccio, M., & Ponzini, D. (2016). What does a cultural district actually do? Critically reappraising 15 years of cultural district policy in Italy. European Urban and Regional Studies, 24/4, 405–424.

Paardekooper, R. (2015). Archaeological Open-Air Museums in Europe. In R. Kelm (Ed.), Archaeology and Crafts. Experiences and Experiments on traditional Skills and Handicrafts in Archaeological Open-Air Museums in Europe; Proceedings of the VI. OpenArch-Conference in Albersdorf, Germany, 23.–27. September 2013 (pp. 127–136). Husum.

Pirkovič, J. (2018). Uvod v sistematiko upravljanja arheološke dediščine. Varstvo spomenikov, 50, 69–97. https://www.academia.edu/41561976/Uvod_v_sistematiko_upravljanja_arheolo%C5%A1ke_dedi%C5%A1%C4%8Dine_Introduction_to_the_Archaeological_Heritage_Management_System

Richards, G., & Munsters, W. (2010). Cultural Tourism Research Methods. Wallingford. http://library.wbi.ac.id/repository/cultural-tourism-research-methods.pdf

Saleh El-Basha, M. (2021). Urban interventions in historic districts as an approach to upgrade the local communities. HBRC Journal Volume, 17(1), 329–364.

Santagata, W. (2002). Cultural Districts, Property Rights and Sustainable Economic Growth. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 26(1), 9–23. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1468-2427.00360

Scott, N., Gao, J., & Ma, J. (2017). Introduction: Creating memorable experiences. In N. Scott, J. Gao, & J. Ma (Eds.), Visitor experience design (pp. 3–12). CABI Publishing.

Sedmak, G. (2017). Heritage Marketing in Tourism. Studia universitatis hereditati, 5(1). http://www.hippocampus.si/ISSN/2350-5443/1-2017/2350-5443.5(1)99-102.pdf

Skavronskaya, L., Moyle, B., Scott, N., & Schaffer, V. (2021). Novelty, unexpectedness and surprise: a conceptual clarification. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(4), 548–552. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2020.1828556

Skavronskaya, L., Moyle, B., Scott, N., & Kralj, A. (2019). The psychology of novelty in memorable tourism experiences. Current Issues in Tourism, 1–16.

Teyssier, E., & Lopez, B. (2005). Gladiateurs: des sources à l'expérimentation. Errance.

Timothy, D. J., & Tahan, L. G. (Eds.). (2020). Archaeology and Tourism: Touring the Past. Channel View Publications.

TourismA. (2014). Home. https://www.tourisma.it/home-2/

Visit Selinunte. (2021). Selinunte Archaeological Park. https://en.visitselinunte.com/ archaeological-park/

World Tourism Organization. (2019). UNWTO Tourism Definitions. Madrid. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284420858

Zakon. (2020). Zakon o zaštiti i očuvanju kulturnih dobara, Narodne novine Republike Hrvatske, 69/99, 151/03, 157/03, 100/04, 87/09, 88/10, 61/11, 25/12, 136/12, 157/13, 152/14, 98/15, 44/17, 90/18, 32/20, 62/20, 117/21. https://www.zakon.hr/z/340/Zakon-o-za%C5%A1titi-i-o%C4%8Duvanju-kulturnih-dobara

Zanier, K. (2016). The Accessibility, Use, Fruition and Enrichment of Immobile Cultural Heritage: A Review of Legislation in Slovenia, Croatia and Italy = Dostopnost, Uporaba, Uživanje in Obogatitev Nepremične Kulturne Dediščine. In I. Lazar (Ed.), AS - Arheologija Za vse: Oživljanje Arheološkega Parka Simonov Zaliv (pp. 78–102). Založba Univerze na Primorskem.

Zanier, K. (2017). The Accessibility, Use, Fruition and Enrichment of Immobile Cultural Heritage: A Review of Legislation in Slovenia, Croatia and Italy. Studia Universitatis Hereditati 5(1), 29–47. https://dx.doi.org/10.26493/2350-5443.5(1)29-47

Zanier, K., & Ratej, R. (Eds.). (2021). Baseline study of the ArcheoDanube project. Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine. https://www.zvkds.si/sites/www.zvkds.si/files/u5/archeodanube_baseline_study.pdf

ZVKD. (2008). Zakon o varstvu kulturne dediščine (ZVKD-1). Uradni list RS, št. 16/08, 123/08, 8/11 – ORZVKD39, 90/12, 111/13, 32/16 in 21/18 – ZNOrg. http://pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=ZAKO4144#

Downloads

Published

2023-08-31

How to Cite

Zanier, K., & Senica, T. (2023). Archaeological Tourism Products: Towards a Concept Definition. Academica Turistica - Tourism and Innovation Journal, 16(2). Retrieved from https://academica.turistica.si/index.php/AT-TIJ/article/view/546

Issue

Section

Articles